In 1867, Canada was largely rural. Almost 150 years later, Canadian cities are home to most citizens and drive most of the economy. Their relations with provincial and federal governments, however, are still shaped by 19th century realities.

In recent years, the mayors of Canada’s major cities have been demanding more collaboration, more powers and more money to address the complex challenges they have been facing. Although the approach and details vary, all demands are based on the need for recognition of the key role Canada’s big cities play for the country. This recognition would transform the power dynamics and the consultation practices between the three orders of government.

To achieve this, Canada needs a sweeping culture change in municipal governance and intergovernmental relations and a more collaborative federalism.

The report brings forward recommendations to strengthen the leadership of Canada’s big cities within the federation and to improve collaboration between the three orders of government.